MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) is a key technology in solar systems that continuously monitors and optimizes the operating point of solar panels. The goal of MPPT is to extract the most energy possible from solar panels under given environmental conditions.
How does MPPT work?
Voltage and current monitoring: The MPPT continuously measures the voltage (V) and current (I) generated by the solar panels.
Setting the optimal operating point: The MPPT algorithm calculates the maximum power point (MPP) for the given conditions, where the solar panels provide the highest power.
Dynamic control: MPPT dynamically adjusts the system's operating parameters (voltage and current) to maintain the MPP, even under changing environmental conditions (e.g. shading , temperature fluctuations, changes in time of day).
Why is MPPT important?
Maximize energy production: MPPT allows solar panels to operate at their maximum power point, which can result in up to 20-30% more energy, especially in adverse conditions.
Increase efficiency: MPPT optimizes the system's energy conversion, reduces energy loss, and improves the overall efficiency of the system.
Stable connection to the grid: In grid-connected systems, MPPT ensures stable and reliable energy transfer between the solar panel and the electrical grid.
MPPT vs PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
| Characteristic | MPPT | PWM |
|---|---|---|
| Efficiency | High (with 20-30% energy added) | Lower |
| Managing changing circumstances | Excellent (adapts dynamically) | Limited |
| Cost | Higher | Lower |
| Application area | Medium-large systems | Smaller systems |
MPPT in practice
Grid-tied inverters : MPPT ensures that solar generation flows efficiently to the grid while optimizing system performance.
Off-grid systems : MPPT helps maximize battery charging, especially with variable solar generation.
Summary
MPPT technology is essential in modern solar systems, as it allows solar panels to deliver maximum power under given conditions. MPPT continuously optimizes the system, increases energy efficiency and reduces losses, thereby increasing the return on investment and sustainability of the system in the long term.