PV (Photovoltaic) technology enables the conversion of solar energy into electricity using the photoelectric phenomenon. This process is one of the most common ways to utilize renewable energy, as it offers a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and practically inexhaustible source of energy.
How does PV technology work?
Light energy absorption: Semiconductor materials, such as silicon , on the surface of solar cells absorb sunlight. This process converts the photons in sunlight into energy.
Creating an electric current: The energy of the photons releases electrons from the structure of the semiconductor material, generating an electric current. The internal electric field of the solar cells ensures that these electrons flow in a specific direction, thus producing direct current (DC) .
Conversion and utilization of electricity: Direct current is converted into alternating current (AC) using an inverter, which can be used directly for household appliances, industrial equipment or the electrical grid.
Characteristics of PV systems
Efficiency : The efficiency of modern solar panels is usually between 15-22%, but this ratio is increasing with the continuous development of technology.
Power: Solar panels with a capacity of 1 kWp (kilowatt peak) typically produce 800-1000 kWh of electricity per year, depending on the geographical area and installation conditions. This value can be higher in sunnier regions.
Lifespan: The lifespan of PV systems is typically 25-30 years, during which time solar panels gradually lose their efficiency, but even at the end of their lifespan they usually provide 80-90% performance.
Maintenance: Solar panels require minimal maintenance: regular cleaning and periodic inspection are required to maintain long-term efficiency.
Advantages
Environmentally friendly energy source: PV systems do not emit harmful substances during operation, thus contributing to climate protection.
Renewable energy source: Solar energy is practically inexhaustible, and PV systems are able to efficiently utilize this natural resource.
Energy independence: With the help of PV systems, households and businesses can reduce their energy dependence on traditional energy providers.
Economical operation: Initial investment costs are repaid in the long term through low operating costs and reduced electricity bills.
The future of PV technology
Demand for PV technology is growing worldwide, driven by increasingly efficient solar cells, decreasing manufacturing costs, and increasing demands for sustainability. Developments are aimed at further increasing efficiency, such as using tandem cells, PERC and HJT technologies, and expanding installation options, such as integrated solar roof tiles.