Solar cells directly convert sunlight energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, a physical phenomenon in which certain materials, such as silicon , generate electrical current when exposed to light energy.
How does it work?
Light energy capture: Solar panels consist of photovoltaic cells, most often made of silicon. When sunlight (photons) hit the surface of the cells, their energy is transferred to the electrons in the silicon atoms.
Electron movement: Electrons excited by photons leave the silicon atoms and begin to move freely. This flow of electrons creates an electric current.
Generating electricity: A single photovoltaic cell produces only a small amount of electricity, so several cells are connected together in a solar panel. Connecting cells increases the voltage and current to suit specific applications.
Conversion to alternating current: Solar panels produce direct current (DC) , which is converted to alternating current (AC) by an inverter. This process is important because most household appliances and electrical networks operate on alternating current.
What can the energy produced by solar panels be used for?
- Local consumption: The electricity produced can be used directly for household appliances, lights, heating systems or charging electric vehicles.
-
Grid feed-in: If the energy produced by a solar panel exceeds local consumption, the excess can be fed back into the electricity grid , for which the utility usually provides a credit or monetary compensation.
Further information:
-
Efficiency: The efficiency of solar panels depends on how well they can convert incoming light into electrical energy. Newer technologies, such as monocrystalline panels, tend to offer higher efficiencies.
Durability: Solar panels have a long lifespan, typically able to produce energy for 25-30 years, while requiring minimal maintenance.
A well-designed solar system not only provides an environmentally friendly source of energy, but can also result in significant cost savings in the long run.